From Beginning
JavaScript is a versatile, high-level programming language primarily used to create dynamic and interactive web applications.
It is one of the core technologies of web development, alongside HTML and CSS. Originally developed by Brendan Eich in 1995, JavaScript has evolved into a powerful tool for both client-side and server-side development.
JavaScript is an essential technology for modern web and software development.
Its ability to add interactivity, coupled with its versatility and ease of use, makes it a must-learn language for developers.
From creating simple web pages to complex applications, JavaScript remains at the heart of innovation in the digital world.
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To know the type of a JavaScript variable, we can use the typeof operator.
1. Primitive types
String - It represents a series of characters and is written with quotes. A string can be represented using a single or a double quote.
Example :
var str = "Vivek Singh Bisht"; //using double quotes
var str2 = 'John Doe'; //using single quotes
Number - It represents a number and can be written with or without decimals.
Example :
var x = 3; //without decimal
var y = 3.6; //with decimal
BigInt - This data type is used to store numbers which are above the limitation of the Number data type. It can store large integers and is represented by adding “n” to an integer literal.
Example :
var bigInteger = 234567890123456789012345678901234567890;
Boolean - It represents a logical entity and can have only two values : true or false. Booleans are generally used for conditional testing.
Example :
var a = 2;
var b = 3;
var c = 2;
(a == b) // returns false
(a == c) //returns true
Undefined - When a variable is declared but not assigned, it has the value of undefined and it’s type is also undefined.
Example :
var x; // value of x is undefined
var y = undefined; // we can also set the value of a variable as undefined
Null - It represents a non-existent or a invalid value.
Example :
var z = null;
Symbol - It is a new data type introduced in the ES6 version of javascript. It is used to store an anonymous and unique value.
Example :
var symbol1 = Symbol('symbol');
typeof of primitive types :
typeof "John Doe" // Returns "string"
typeof 3.14 // Returns "number" typeof
true // Returns "boolean"
typeof 234567890123456789012345678901234567890n // Returns bigint typeof undefined // Returns "undefined"
typeof null // Returns "object" (kind of a bug in JavaScript)
typeof Symbol('symbol') // Returns Symbol
2. Non-primitive types
Primitive data types can store only a single value. To store multiple and complex values, non- primitive data types are used.
Object - Used to store collection of data.
Example:
// Collection of data in key-value pairs
var obj1 = {
x: 43,
y: "Hello world!",
z: function(){
return this.x;
}
}
// Collection of data as an ordered list
var array1 = [5, "Hello", true, 4.1];
Both are comparison operators. The difference between both the operators is that “==” is used to compare values whereas, “ === “ is used to compare both values and types.
Example:
var x = 2;
var y = "2";
(x == y) // Returns true since the value of both x and y is the same
(x === y) // Returns false since the typeof x is "number" and typeof y is "string"
Some differences are
NaN property represents the “Not-a-Number” value. It indicates a value that is not a legal number. typeof of NaN will return a Number.
To check if a value is NaN, we use the isNaN() function,
Note- isNaN() function converts the given value to a Number type, and then equates to NaN.
isNaN("Hello") // Returns true
isNaN(345) // Returns false
isNaN('1') // Returns false, since '1' is converted to Number type which results in 0 ( a
number) isNaN(true) // Returns false, since true converted to Number type results in 1 ( a
number) isNaN(false) // Returns false isNaN(undefined) // Returns true
These are the features of JavaScript:
These are the advantages of JavaScript:
Enhanced Interaction
JavaScript adds interaction to otherwise static web pages and makes them react to users’ inputs.
Quick Feedback
There is no need for a web page to reload when running JavaScript. For example, form input validation.
Rich User Interface
JavaScript helps in making the UI of web applications look and feel much better.
Frameworks
JavaScript has countless frameworks and libraries that are extensively used for developing web applications and games of all kinds.
Since JavaScript is essentially an object-oriented scripting language, it supports and encourages the usage of objects while developing web applications.
const student = {
name: 'John', age:
17
}
Here is a very simple way of creating arrays in JavaScript using the array literal:
var a = []; var b = [‘a’, ‘b’,‘c’, ‘d’, ‘e’];
The scope of a variable implies where the variable has been declared or defined in a JavaScript program. There are two scopes of a variable:
Global Scope
Global variables, having global scope are available everywhere in a JavaScript code.
Local Scope
Local variables are accessible only within a function in which they are defined.
Following are the naming conventions for a variable in JavaScript:
Variable names cannot be similar to that of reserved keywords. For example, var, let, const, etc.
Variable names cannot begin with a numeric value. They must only begin with a letter or an underscore character.
Variable names are case-sensitive.
Both let and var are used for variable and method declarations in JavaScript. So there isn’t much of a difference between these two besides that while var keyword is scoped by function, the let keyword is scoped by a block.
Here are the ways an HTML element can be accessed in a JavaScript code:
getElementByClass(‘classname’): Gets all the HTML elements that have the specified classname. getElementById(‘idname’): Gets an HTML element by its ID name.
getElementbyTagName(‘tagname’): Gets all the HTML elements that have the specified tagname.
querySelector(): Takes CSS style selector and returns the first selected HTML element
| Undefined | Undeclared |
| Undefined means a variable has been declared but a value has not yet been assigned to that variable. | Variables that are not declared or that do not exist in a program or application. |
| Undefined | Null |
| Undefined means a variable has been declared but a value has not yet been assigned to that variable. | Null is an assignment value that we can assign to any variable that is meant to contain no value. |
The Keyword ‘this’ in JavaScript is used to call the current object as a constructor to assign values to object properties.
Yes, JavaScript is a dynamically typed language and not statically.
BOM is the Browser Object Model where users can interact with browsers that is a window, an initial object of the browser. The window object consists of a document, history, screen, navigator, location, and other attributes. Nevertheless, the window’s function can be called directly as well as by referencing the window.
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